Like in many other monarchies of its time, the anthem of the Ottoman Empire was a royal anthem, not a national one. Hence it paid homage to a specific ruler and a new anthem was composed at each imperial succession. However, in 1844, with the Tanzimat reforms, the Mecidiye March was recognized as the first official Ottoman national anthem. The first official Ottoman national flag (which was in essence identical to the present-day Turkish flag) was also adopted in 1844.
Mahmudiye March, March of Mahmud — for Mahmud II (1808–1839), by Giuseppe Donizetti,
Mecidiye March, March of Abdülmecid — for Abdülmecid I (1839–1861), by Giuseppe Donizetti,
Aziziye March, March of Abdülâziz — for Abdülâziz (1861–1876), by Callisto Guatelli,
Hamidiye March, March of Abdulhamid — for Abdulhamid II (1876–1909), by Necip Pasha,
Reşadiye March, March of Mehmed Resad — for Mehmed V Resad (1909–1918), by Italo Selvelli.
After the start of the imperial anthem tradition, two Sultans did not have specific anthems composed. The first is Murad V, who reigned for 3 months in 1876 and the second is the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI Vahdeddin, who used the Mahmudiye March anthem.
Only the Hamidiye March and Reşadiye March have lyrics, the first three anthems being instrumental.
Mahmudiye March...
Music by: Giuseppe Donizetti
In use: 1829-1839, 1918-1922
Like some European monarchies of the time (for example, the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the Ottoman Empire had a different anthem for each ruler. The first ruler that appeared to have a personal march was Mahmut II "Adlî", who reigned from 1808-1839. The sultan initiated western-style reforms in his country, which included the military and imperial bands; the process of reforming the bands went to Italian-born composer Giuseppe Donizetti. Donizetti is largely credited for introducing Western-style music to the empire, yet was also influenced by existing Turkish music in his composition of the imperial march, as well as other musical works he created for the sultan.
Interestingly, the last sultan, Mehmed VI Vahideddin, who reigned until the transformation of what was left of the Ottoman Empire into Turkey in 1922, did not choose to have a march composed for him, but rather chose to use the "Mahmudiye". During this time, however, the march was published as "Marche Nationale Ottomane"; perhaps making the first personal sultanate anthem of the Ottoman Empire the last and a national one.
Special thanks to: Emre Yigit for some of this information and Emre Aracı for some additional information and the music file and sheet music.
Mecidiye March...
Music by: Giuseppe Donizetti
In use: 1839-1861, 1876
Upon the accession to the throne of Abdülmecid I "Gazi" (Abdul-Mejid I) in 1839, the march for the new sultan was also composed by Giuseppe Donizetti, who wrote the march for the previous sultan. (Franz Lizst also composed a paraphrase of Donizetti's work and presented it to the Sultan.) It does not have any lyrics.
This anthem was also used by Sultan Murad V, son of Abdülmecid I during his brief three month reign in 1876. However, under Murad V's reign, a different arrangement by Callisto Guatelli was used, and the anthem was published as Marche Imperiale Ottomane, and not "Mecidiye" nor "Muradiye" perhaps signifying for the first time the concept of a national imperial march rather than one for the emporer specifically.
Special thanks to: Jaroslaw Wojcik for informing of this anthem and providing with the music file, Enver Demircigil for the sheet music, and Emre Yigit and Emre Aracı for some of this information.
Aziziye March...
Music by: Callisto Guatelli
In use: 1861-1876
The composer of the march to honour sultan Abdülaziz I (Abdul Aziz I) was the leader of the sultan's band, Callisto Guatelli, also an Italian like his predecessor Giuseppe Donazetti, who composed the previous two sultans' marches. By this time it seemed to be expected of each new sultan that an imperial march would be composed for him
Special thanks to: Emre Aracı for some of this information.
Hamidiye March...
Words by: unknown
Music by: Yesarizade Ahmed Necip Pasa
In use: 1876-1909
In 1876 sultan Abdul Hamid II had the "Hamidiye March" composed for him by Yesarizade Ahmed Necip Pasa. This was also the first Ottoman sultan march that had words.
Reşadiye March...
Words by: unknown
Music by: Italo Selvelli
In use: 1909-1918
Upon the commencement of Sultan Mehmed Resad V's reign in 1909, a competition was declared to find a personal march for the new sultan. The contest was won by Italo Selvelli, who was of Italian heritage (as were nearly all the other creators of personal marches for previous sultans). Also, like the previous sultan's march, this anthem also appears to have lyrics as well.
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